大学英语三级写作专题(4) －主体段
概述
主体段的写作方法是多种多样的，而不同的方法会产生不同的效果，不同的方法需用不同的组织形式。因此，在动笔之前，必须先选择好所采用的方法，然后根据自己所选的方法确定相应的结构形式，才能把文章写好。
一、列举法（Listing）
也叫枚举法。是一种在主题句中提出论点，然后列举一系列论据或原因对主题进行论证或阐述的方法。列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间顺序等进行。
To get the most out of your textbook you should follow several steps very carefully. First, you should make a preliminary survey of each book to get a general idea of what the book contains. Second, you should read for deeper understanding and formulate questions as you read. Next, make notes of the major point of each chapter. Then, test yourself to be sure that you can answer questions likely to be raised in class or in examinations. Finally, review your notes and reread any parts of the book that are unclear to you.
常用于列举法的过渡连接词
first, second, third, etc.; in the first place, in the second place; first of all, first and foremost; to begin with, to start with; for one thing, for another; also, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more; above all; next; beyond that; initially; eventually, last but not least…..
二、举例法（Exemplification）
作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容。严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者的观点，且事例可多可少。
There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sport that is suitable to them.
举例法中常见的过渡性词语
for example, for instance, as an example, as an illustration, such as/ such, a case in point is, to illustrate, in particular, specifically, say, next, namely, that is, like, take … as an example, etc.
三、分类法（Classification）
在阐述某一概念的段落中，常用分类法。通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类地叙述，使读者有更为清晰的认识。
Ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech, when there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letters, words and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of language can be found in signal flags, Morse code and picture signs.
常见的用以分类的词语
动词：sort (into), divide (into), classify, group, fall into, etc.
名词：sorts, classes, groups, categories, types, kinds, aspects, etc.
四、比较对照法（Comparison and Contrast）
比较对照法由比较和对照两部分组成，但两者往往一起用以阐述两者或者更多事物间的异同，常用于说明文和议论文写作。比较描述的是所比对象的相同、类似点，而对照则强调所描述对象之间的不同，甚至相反之处。
常用的比较对照的结构模式有两种，即整块比较法和逐点比较法。
在整块比较法中先集中描述A，再集中描述B。其模式为：A1、 A2、 A3……B1、 B2、 B3……
第一种模块例子
Computers have both favorable and unfavorable aspects.
First, computers can calculate. They can make work more efficient for they have a high speed of calculation. Besides, people can communicate with each other by E-mail, which costs people less money and less time. Most important of all, computers create wide communication around the world. People can communicate with each other via the Internet. They can make friends all over the world.
But every coin had two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. To begin with, since computers can do a lot of work for us, such as calculation, we may rely too much on then and become lazier and lazier. To make matters worse, although it is convenient for people to communicate with each other by E-mail, the original warm relationship may become cold, for people will have fewer opportunities to talk to each other face to face. Worst of all, computers can spread viruses caused by electronic hackers resulting in a lot of important information being lost.
第二种模块及例子
逐点比较法是A、B双方同时逐点描述，其模式为：
A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3……例如：
A proverb says, “Like father, like son.” But the proverb doesn’t seem to fit my grandfather and my father because they have more differences than similarities.
First, my grandfather is introverted, while my father is extroverted. We can easily read what is on my father’s mind, but it is hard to find out what my grandfather is thinking about. Next, my grandfather is always indifferent to children. He seldom talks with children and the children are somewhat afraid of him. In contrast, my father is very warm-hearted to children. He likes to talk with them, so the children in my family all like him. Finally, my grandfather is obstinate. Once he had made a decision, he never changes it. However, my father, even after he has made a decision, will ask others for opinions. If he thinks the opinions are reasonable, he might change his mind.
Although my grandfather and my father resemble each other very much in appearance, they differ in character, thinking and behavior.
常见的比较对照的过渡性词语
常用的表示比较的过渡性词语有：
similarly, likewise, correspondingly, in a similar way, in the same way, too, like, resemble, similar to, equal to, equally, important, both…and…, the same as
常用的表示对照的过渡性词语有：
on the one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, in/ by contrast, in contrast to, in sharp contrast, conversely, otherwise, however, nevertheless, but, yet, (al)though, even though, whereas/ while, it is true…but, instead, unlike, rather than, in spite of, contrast with, differ(ent) from, contrary to
五、因果法（Cause and Effect）
因果法经常用以阐述原因，回答“为什么”这类问题，分析事物发展的前因后果，也多见于说明文和论述文。因果关系的普遍性决定了因果关系的复杂性，通常因果关系模式有一因一果、一因多果、一果多因和多果多因等，而以因果方式扩展段落时通常可采用先因后果或先果后因的一因多果或一果多因模式，其中的多因或多果用通常以枚举方式列举。
因果法作文例子
The role of women in today’s society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the women’s movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields of interest serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.
常用的表示因果关系的过渡性词语
because, as, since, for, owing to, because of, due to, on account of, as a result of, for the reason, result from, thus, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, for this reason, on that account, as a result, as a consequence, it follows that…, result in, contribute to
